Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to structural abnormalities of the heart and major vessels present at birth. It is the most common birth defect worldwide, affecting roughly 1 in 100 newborns [1]. CHD encompasses a spectrum of malformations, ranging from mild septal defects to complex abnormalities requiring multiple surgeries. These defects can significantly impact a child's health and well-being, often necessitating lifelong medical management.Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, CHD remains a leading cause of infant mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like South Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that CHD contributes to nearly one million childhood deaths annually, with a disproportionate burden borne by LMICs [2].
